Micro- and immune environment of cancer in association with extension to advanced disease

Approximately 300 biliary tract and 200 pancreatic cancers were studied, showing that venous density is a favorable prognostic factor and is closely associated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures.
Venous and nerve density also correlated significantly with an active immune response. Thus, the vasculature and nervous system have a significant influence on the directionality of the cancer immune microenvironment.

Figure 4 Rescued anti-tumor immunity with recovering TNFR1 signaling pathway